유학, 책, 여행 - 기록

1.1.2.3. U.S. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504)
The U.S. Rehabilitation Act of 1973, a civil rights act, protects individuals with disabilities from being discriminated against or denied equal access to services and opportunities because of their disability, IDEA being one of those protections. Often, in a school setting, students who do not qualify for special education services under IDEA may be eligible for accommodations under Section 504, which has a more inclusive definition of disability. Unlike IDEA, Section 504 applies not only to educational institutions receiving federal funds but also to any organization or employer in the United States receiving federal funds.
  Key Points of Section 504
- Eligible individuals must have a physical or psychological impairment that substantially limits at least one major life activity. These major life activities include walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing, working, performing manual tasks, learning, and caring for oneself.
- To receive consideration, individuals must also be viewed as having the disability or have documentation of the disability, and it must interfere with their ability to meet their needs.
- In a school setting, when a student indicates a need, a multidisciplinary team meets to assess the students' eligibility under Section 504. If eligible, a 504 plan is constructed, which dictates the accommodations or other special considerations the student is entitled to receive. The team looks at multiple sources of information when determining students' eligibility, including any test scores, grades, educational records, and medical documentation.
- Although there exists a whole host of possible accommodations a student may be given, a few examples of accommodations that school personnel make for eligible individuals include building ramps and installing elevators for students who are wheelchair bound or injured, giving students more time to complete tests or other classroom tasks, and allowing students to use laptop computers to take notes.

1.1.2.4 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
HIPAA is a federal law, passed in 1996, to protect the privacy of individuals' medical and mental health records. Under HIPAA, patients are given rights to control who can view their health records as well as the ability to inspect their own medical record and request that changes be incorporated. HIPAA applies to doctors, nurses, hospitals, clinics, insurance companies, health maintenance organizations, Medicare, Medicaid, mental health professionals, and a variety of other health care providers. In fact, it would be difficult to find a health care provider who is not subject to the stipulations outlined in HIPAA, so understanding this law is essential to avoid violating the confidentiality of private client information.
  Key Points of HIPAA
- All patients must be given a copy of the HIPAA privacy policy, which outlines their rights, with whom their protected health information (PHI) - that is, individually identifiable health information- might be shared, and the procedures to request that their information not be released to certain parties.
- Patients, for their part, are required to sign a document affirming that they have received information on HIPAA.
- Health organizations must secure all PHI from unauthorized individuals and organizations.
- A counselor following HIPAA must allow clients to view their records and petition for changes to the counselor's notes if they believe any information is false or inaccurate.

1.1.2.5 Child Abuse and Neglect
The federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) defines child abuse and neglect as "Any reent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or, an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm".
  Key Points of CAPTA
- Any counselor who suspects child abuse or neglect is required by law to report the suspicion to the local child protective services (CPS) agency within 72 hours from the time of first awareness of the potentially abusive or neglectful event (Linde, 2007). Counselors also must submit a written report to CPS after submitting the initial account.
- Anyone who reports suspected abuse or neglect will not be held liable, even if CPS fails to find any evidence supporting the claim during the investigation (Linde, 2007), unless a false report was filed with malicious intent.
- The ACA Code of Ethics (2005) upholds this legal duty, allowing counselors to ethically break confidentiality to protect a client from a potentially dangerous situation.

1.1.2.6 Counseling Minors
When counseling minors, particularly in a nonschool setting, it is crucial for counselors to obtain informed consent from the parents or legal guardian and assent, or agreement, of minors before any counseling begins. The necessity of informed consent in school systems ordinarily is dictated by local school or state policies.
  Key Points of Informed Consent
- During the informed consent and assent process, minors and their parents must receive details on what they can expect from counseling, limitations to confidentiality, and their right to withdraw from treatment at any time.
- Informed consent should be given in writing to parents and explained by the counselor to minors in age-appropriate language so that they are able to make an educated decision about whether they want to enter into th counseling relationship. Some minor children, because of substantial disability (e.g., mental retardation) or age, are unable to give assent for counseling, thus requiring special precautions in care and parental consent.
- All counselors should note that although ethically, the child (if under the age of 18 years) should be able to expect confidentiality, parents still retain the legal right to know what their child discusses in counseling sessions should they choose to exercise that right. Therefore, counselors must carefully balance the needs of both parties to most effectively implement services and must work diligently to uphold the minor's ethical rights whenever feasible.
- Some states allow minors of a certain age to consent to various community health services, including mental health treatment, without parental consent. However, these minor consent laws vary among states, so it is essential to become very familiar with the laws governing the state where you are practicing or plan to practice.
- In a school setting, most professional school counselors are not required to obtain parental consent before delivering counseling services to students, although professional school counselor should familiarize themselves with the policies of their state and local school boards.

1.1.3 Accreditation and the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP)
Accreditation is a process that eligible educational institutions and organizations can elect to undergo (i.e., it is voluntary) to demonstrate that the institution meets set standards. Although accreditation applies to many careers and professions, for the purposes of this study guide, we are concerned with educational accreditation.
- An educational institution seeking accreditation must apply to the appropriate association. For example, for colleges and universities to have their counseling programs accredited, they apply to the Counseil for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP), the association in charge of the accreditation for the majority of counseling and counseling-related programs, and undergo its accreditation process.
- The purpose of accreditation for educational institutions is to signify to the public that the accredited program's educators and curriculum adhere to specific standards of quality; only those institutions that meet the specified critera become accredited (CACREP, 2009).
- Institutions may seek accreditation for a variety reasons:
   - It increases the institution's status and prestige.
   - It requires institutions to hold themselves accountable for the quality of their program and educators.
   - It encourages colleges and universities to continually evaluate and assess the effective ness of their programs and make changes and improvements as necessary to ensure adherence to the standards of accreditation. Educational institutions accredited by CACREP must undergo and pass the accreditation process every 8 years to retain their certification, so the process of meeting CACREP's standards is ongoing.
   - Students who graduate from an accredited institution may be more marketable than those students graduating from an unaccredited institution because they have succeeded in meeting specified programmatic standards.

 CACREP was established in 1981 to promote excellence in counseling and counseling-related educational programs. CACREP has developed and revised educational standards over the years that insitutions must meet to gain the organization's accreditation approval. (...)
 CACREP accredits master's-level programs in addiction counseling; clinical mental health counseling; marriage, couple, and family counseling; school counseling; student affairs and college counseling; and doctoral-level programs in counselor education and supervision. Currently, more than 220 universities in the United States have received CACREP accreditation.

1.1.1 Key historical Events in Counseling

- The counseling profession had its genesis in the late 1800s when it began in a much more circumscribed manner: vocational guidance. 
- The profession slowly began expanding and changing from its vocational guidance roots. 

1.1.2 Key Legal Issues in Counseling

- The principal difference between ethics and laws is that ethics are developed by associations to help members practice in a reputable manner, whereas laws are included in the penal code and often carry more serious consequences when individual fail to comply with laws (Linde, 2007). Violation of ethical standards may carry sanctions, but those penalties vary greatly and are determined by ethics committees rather than courts. Although the law trumps ethics in all circumstances, professional counselors rarely have to violate ethical standards follow the law.
- When studying for the NCE or CPCE, counselors should become thoroughly familiar with the NBCC code of ethics and the ACA code of ethics and be able to apply these ethical concepts to practice situations. 

1.1.2.1 Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
Enacted in 1974, the FERPA, also known as the Buckley Amendment, is a federal law that affects any counselor who works in an educational setting that receives funding from the U.S. Department of Education. Private schools, colleges, or universities that do not receive any funds from the USDE for any of their programs do not have to follow this act, but those institutions represent the minority.
  Key Points of FERPA
- FERPA was created to specify the rights of parents (if the child is minor) and nonminor students to access and examine the educational record, petition to have incorrect information found in the record amended, and ensure that certain information is not released to outside agencies without permission.
- An educational record refers to any document or information kept by the school relating to a student, such as attendance, achievement, behavior, activities, and assessment.
- Parents have the right to access their children's educational information until the child is 18 years old or begins college, whichever comes first, at which point the right shift to the student.
- Educational institutions are required to obtain written permission before releasing any information in a student's educational record.
- An exception to the preceding rule is that schools have the ability to give out directory information about students without consent. Directory information includes the student's name, address, telephone number, date of birth, place of birth, honors or awards, and dates of attendance at the school. However, schools must send an annual notice to students and/or parents informing them that they have the right to have their information, or their child's information, barred from release.
- Educational institutions that fail to comply with FERPA may face punitive action, such as loss of federal funding.
- Professional counselors' personal notes on students, considered an expansion of the counselor's memory that are kept separate from the educational record in a secure location, are considered confidential (Linde, 2007). Students and parents do not have the right to access counselors' personal notes. That being said, general counseling case notes may be considered part of a student's educational record, depending on the state.

1.1.2.2 Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA)
Also pertaining to counselors who work in educational settings, IDEA is a civil rights law that was passed to guarantee that students with disabilities receive the services they need to gain the benefits of education. Like FERPA, this act applies to any school that receives federal funding and prohibits educational institutions from putting any student at a disadvantage based on a disability. It is important for professional counselors to be knowledgeable of this act if they work in an educational institution because part of their role is to advocate for the academic needs of their clients. 
  Key Points of IDEA
- Children are eligible to receive services under IDEA from birth until the age of 21 years.
- Counselors and educators serve as advocates for children with special education needs. School counselors are frequently part of the child study team, which evaluates a child's educational, psychological, sociological, and medical needs to determine eligibility for services.
- To qualify for eligibility under IDEA, a student must have a documented disability in at least one of the following areas: mental retardation, hearing impairment (including deafness), speech or language impairment, visual impairment (including blindness), serious emotional disturbance, orthopedic impairment, autism, traumatic brain injury, other health impairment, or specific learning disability. In addition, the student must need special education services as a result of a disability.
- All students with disabilities must be given free appropriate public education (FAPE) that addresses their individual needs and helps ready them for higher levels of education or employment.
- Every student who is eligible to receive special education services under IDEA must have an individualized educational plan (IEP) on file. School systems convene meetings of multidisciplinary teams to create the IEP. A students' IEP delineates what services the student will receive; when and how often; and goals for the student's learning, which are updated and reviewed yearly.
- It is required that each student's IEP ensure that the child receive the benefits of education in the least restrictive environment (LRE), which was mandated to allow as many students as possible to remain in regular classrooms if their needs could be met there with only limited accommodation.
- Students covered under IDEA often are also convered under the more expansive section 504 of the U.S. Rehabilitation Act of 1973.

- What is the national counseling exam?

The National Counseling Exam, or NCE, is an exam for those who wish to become counselors. The NCE measures the skills, knowledge, and abilities that are needed to provide effective counseling services.

- What is a passing score on NCE exam?

There are 200 questions on the NCE exam. The cutoff score to be considered as passing is in the high 90s.

- What does NCE stand for in counseling?

NCE stands for National Counselor Examination

- How much does it cost to take the National Counselor Exam?

The cost to register for the NCE is $275.

- How do you sign up for the NCE?

To sign up for the NCE, you will need to visit the NBCC website: http://www.nbcc.org/Licensure/ExamRegistration

- What to Expect on the NCE

The National Counselor exam is a 200-question, multiple-choice, non-sectioned, pencil and paper formatted test. On the test, you will be presented with a series of questions created from the original eight Council for Accreditation of Counseling & Related Educational Programs (CACREP) content areas and five work behaviors from NBCC’s national job analysis. All of these questions have undergone review and field-testing prior to being included on the examination and a new version of the National Counselors exam is administered for each new test date.

Of the 200 questions you will be asked, 160 are counted for scoring in order to determine whether you achieve a passing grade, with the remaining 40 being unscored field-test items used for statistics to gauge whether they should be used on future versions of the NCE exam.

[Wood’s book] Over the past decade, the NCE has included approximately 29 professional orientation and ethical practice items, 11 social and cultural diversity items, 12 human growth and development items, 20 career development items, 36 helping relationship items, 16 group work items, 20 assessment items, and 16 research and program evaluation items.

Questions will be based on the following eight CACREP domains and five work behavior domains:

CACREP Domains

1. Human Growth and Development

2. Social and Cultural Diversity

3. Counseling and Helping Relationships

4. Group Counseling and Group Work

5. Career Counseling

6. Assessment and Testing

7. Research and Program Evaluation

8. Professional Counseling Orientation and Ethical Practice

Work Behavior Domains

1. Fundamental Counseling Issues

2. Counseling Process

3. Diagnostic and Assessment Services

4. Professional Practice

5. Professional Development, Supervision and Consultation

A more in-depth discussion of these content domains is available through Mometrix’s National Counselors exam preparation tools, which includes NCE study guides and NCE practice tests.

< Introduction to the NCE >

- What is the National Counselor Examination?

: Eligibility and Registration for the NCE

In order to register to take the National Counselor exam, you must first apply for certification. Once your application is accepted and approved, you may then proceed to register for the examination at an approved Pearson VUE test center. The NCE exam is administered twice a year, in both April and October. Typically, it is held on the third Saturday of the respective months. When you send in your registration, you will be asked to submit an appropriate fee, which can be paid with a credit card. Keep in mind that any application fees are neither refundable nor transferable, so plan your examination date accordingly.

- What to Expect on Test Day

When you arrive at your designated Pearson VUE testing center, you will be asked to present two separate forms of current, valid ID. Both of these must have your signature and the same first as last names as they appear on your certification eligibility notification, but only one is required to have a photo. Your photo ID may be any of the following approved forms of government-issued identification:

• Driver’s license
• Passport
• State or military ID

Your identification is required as a security measure in order to provide equal opportunity for all candidates to demonstrate their skills and abilities. Additional security measures include: no cameras, notes or related items permitted in the testing area; no calculators; no guests or visitors; no personal items permitted other than keys and wallets. All items you need for the NCE exam, including writing materials, will be provided at check in. If you fail to provide acceptable identification, fail to abide by the set security standards or arrive more than 15 minutes later than your designated exam time, you will not be admitted to the testing area and you will not be issued a refund, so be sure to plan ahead.

- Deferring or Missing Your National Counselor Test Appointment

If you need to postpone or defer your examination date to the next available administration, you may do so without penalty if you contact NBCC more than 30 days before your scheduled exam date. If you fail to contact NBCC within the allotted time frame, or you do not show up for your examination, you will be required to pay a $150 reregistration fee to take it on the next available administration date. The only exceptions would be in the event of an emergency, such as an accident or illness, which may waive the reregistration fee upon approval.

If there are unforeseen circumstances, such as inclement weather, that prevent test administrators from opening the facility and require cancellation and rescheduling of the NCE examination on behalf of NBCC, you will receive an e-mail or telephone notification with instruction on how to reschedule your exam.

- Understanding Your NCE Score

Your National Counselor examination score is based on a modified Angoff method and is solely determined based on your performance on the examination, with no prior work experience or variables factored into your score. A passing score is determined by subject matter experts, who evaluate questions on the NCE exam to establish a number of correct responses that would adequately demonstrate the required level of proficiency. Since each version of the exam is different, the number of correct responses needed to obtain a passing score will vary slightly for each version. Your own capabilities will allow you to pass or fail the NCE exam, with no influence from other test takers.

- Retaking the National Counselor Examination

If you do not receive a passing score, you are permitted three attempts before your application is closed, so you may reregister and retake the NCE exam on the next available test day.

- Preparing for the NCE Exam

Since you are expected to pass the exam prior to entering the professional field, it is essential to prepare for the National Counselors exam as best you can prior to your first attempt. The most effective method to make sure you are well-equipped for success is by utilizing resources available to you. Mometrix has prepared study materials for your NCE exam prep that includes both an NCE study guide and an NCE practice test with NCE practice questions that have been designed to help you assess your skills and review the CACREP and work behavior domains that you will encounter on test day.

- Counseling Exam Questions

Free NCE Practice Exam

- NCE Study Guide

Mometrix Academy is a completely free NCE exam prep resource provided by Mometrix Test Preparation. If you find benefit from our efforts here, check out our premium quality NCE study guide to take your studying to the next level. Just click the National Counselor Exam study guide link below. Your purchase also helps us make even more great, free National Counseling exam content for test-takers.

- After Test

The NCE is a criterion-referenced test, and the total score is interpreted as pass or fail based on a determined cutoff score. About 8 weeks after taking the test, candidates receive their score report in the mail. The score report includes candidates’ scores in each of the 13 domains (delineated above), their total score for the entire test, and the minimum passing score for the version of the NCE the examinee completed.

십년 전 내가 상상하던 십년 후의 지금은 문자로만 존재했던 것 같다.
진로, 와 같은 두 글자 속에 꾹꾹 눌러서.
그렇지만 현실은 훨씬 다채롭고 예상할 수 없어서 나름의 맛이 있다.
그럼 십년 후는 또 어떨까?

최근 나보다 열살 정도 많은, 친구보다는 꽤 친한 지인들이 배우자의 외도로 이혼 소송에 들어가는 일이 한꺼번에 생겼다. 가까이서 그 과정을 지켜볼 수 있도록 허락해 준 것이 고맙기도 하면서, 산다는게 생각만큼 뻔하고 또 생각보다 좆같고 동시에 생각외의 일들이 구체적으로 인생을 구성하고 있구나 싶다.

이십대 초반과 크게 다른 것 같지 않은 삼십대 초반 (여전히 불투명하고 여전히 유예된 것만 같은 느낌) 이라
많이 변한 것이 없는 것 같은데, 그게 예전과 같은 질의 불투명함이 아니고, 같은 단계의 유예가 아니라는 것에 감사하고, 또 동년배들을 생각하면 서로 꽤 다른 성장 곡선을 그리고 있는 모습이 보여서, 각자의 삶의 모습이 차이가 나기 시작한다는 것이 흥미롭다.

십년 후는 어떨까.
큰 물줄기는 비슷하겠지만
순간 순간의 선택들이 모여 또 새로운 꽃들을 피우겠지.

비록 모든 것들을 다 통제할 수는 없지만
삶의 정원에 있어 중요한 부분들은 물을 주고 비료를 주고
정성과 노력을 적당히 배분해 쏟을 수 있는 사람이고 싶다.

나에게 신실하고 내 사람에게 의리를 지킬 수 있는 삶을 디자인 하고싶다.

방학 한달이 잘 지났다. 두달 남았다.

By far the simplest and quickest method for determining a straight line is to choose the line that can best be drawn by eye. Although this method often paints a reasonably good picture, it is extremely subjective and imprecise and is worthless for statistical inference. We now consider two analytical approaches for finding the best-fitting straight line. 

1. The Least-squared Method

The least-squared method determines the best-fitting straight line as the line that minimizes the sum of squares of the lengths of the vertical-line segments drawn from the observed data points on the scatter diagram to the fitted line. The idea here is that the smaller the deviations of observed values from this line ( and consequently the smaller the sum of squares of these deviations), the closer or "snugger" the best-fitting line will be to the data.

2. The Minimum-Variance Method

The minimum-variance method is more classically statistical than the method of least squares, which can be viewed as a purely mathematical algorithm. In this second approach, determining the best fit becomes a statistical estimation problem. The goal is to find point estimators of Beta(zero) and Beta(1) with good statistical properties. In this regard, under the previous assumptions, the best line is determined by the estimators Beta(zero) and Beta(1) that are unbiased for their unknown population counterparts Beta(zero) and Beta(1), respectively, and have minimum variance among all unbiased (linear) estimators of Beta(zero) and Beta(1).

*Fortunately, both the least-squares method and the minimum-variance method yield exactly the same solution, which we will state without proof. 

<Preview>

The general problems to be discussed: we have one response variable Y and a set of k predictor variables X1, X2, X3...Xk; and we want to determine the best subset of the k predictors and the corresponding best-fitting regression model for describing the relationship between Y and the X's. What exactly we mean by "best" depends in part on our overall goal for modeling.

One goal is to find a model that provides the best prediction of Y, given X1,X2, ..., Xk, for some new observation or for a batch of new observations.

Alongside the question of prediction is the question of validity- that is, of obtaining accurate estimates for one or more regression coefficient parameters in a model and then making inferences about these parameters of interest. The goal here is to quantify the relationship between one or more independent variables of interest and the dependent variable, controlling when necessary for other variables.

<Steps in Selecting the Best Regression Equation: Prediction Goal>

1. Specify the maximum model (defined in Section 16.3) to be considered.

2. Specify a criterion for selecting a model.

3. Specify a strategy for selecting variables.

4. Conduct the specified analysis.

5. Evaluate the reliability of the model chosen.

By following these steps, one can convert the global goal of finding the best predictors of Y into simple, concrete actions. Each step helped to ensure reliability and to reduce the work required.

- Recall that overfitting a model (including variables in the model with truly zero regression coefficients in the population) will not introduce bias when population regression coefficients are estimated if the usual regression assumptions are met. We must be careful, however, to ensure that overfitting does not introduce harmful collinearity (ch. 14). Underfitting (i.e. leaving important predictors out of the final model), however, will introduce bias in the estimated regression coefficients.